1. Project managers must focus on three dimensions of project success. Simply put, project success means completing all project deliverables on time, within budget, and to a level of quality that is acceptable to sponsors and stakeholders. The project manager must keep the team’’s attention focused on achieving these broad goals.

2. Planning is everything -- and ongoing. On one thing all PM texts and authorities agree: The single most important activity that project managers engage in is planning -- detailed, systematic, team-involved plans are the only foundation for project success. And when real-world events conspire to change the plan, project managers must make a new one to reflect the changes. So planning and replanning must be a way of life for project managers.

3. Project managers must feel, and transmit to their team members, a sense of urgency. Because projects are finite endeavors with limited time, money, and other resources available, they must be kept moving toward completion. Since most team members have lots of other priorities, it’’s up to the project manager to keep their attention on project deliverables and deadlines. Regular status checks, meetings, and reminders are essential.

4. Successful projects use a time-tested, proven project life cycle. We know what works. Models such as the standard ISD model and others described in this text can help ensure that professional standards and best practices are built into our project plans. Not only do these models typically support quality, they help to minimize rework. So when time or budget pressures seem to encourage taking short cuts, it’’s up to the project manager to identify and defend the best project life cycle for the job.

5. All project deliverables and all project activities must be visualized and communicated in vivid detail. In short, the project manager and project team must early on create a tangible picture of the finished deliverables in the minds of everyone involved so that all effort is focused in the same direction. Avoid vague descriptions at all costs; spell it out, picture it, prototype it, and make sure everyone agrees to it.


6. Deliverables must evolve gradually, in successive approximations. It simply costs too much and risks too much time spent in rework to jump in with both feet and begin building all project deliverables. Build a little at a time, obtain incremental reviews and approvals, and maintain a controlled evolution.


7. Projects require clear approvals and sign-off by sponsors. Clear approval points, accompanied by formal sign-off by sponsors, SMEs, and other key stakeholders, should be demarcation points in the evolution of project deliverables. It’’s this simple: anyone who has the power to reject or to demand revision of deliverables after they are complete must be required to examine and approve them as they are being built.


8. Project success is correlated with thorough analyses of the need for project deliverables. Our research has shown that when a project results in deliverables that are designed to meet a thoroughly documented need, then there is a greater likelihood of project success. So managers should insist that there is a documented business need for the project before they agree to consume organizational resources in completing it.

9. Project managers must fight for time to do things right. In our work with project managers we often hear this complaint: "We always seem to have time to do the project over; I just wish we had taken the time to do it right in the first place!" Projects must have available enough time to "do it right the first time." And project managers must fight for this time by demonstrating to sponsors and top managers why it’’s necessary and how time spent will result in quality deliverables.

10. Project manager responsibility must be matched by equivalent authority. It’’s not enough to be held responsible for project outcomes; project managers must ask for and obtain enough authority to execute their responsibilities. Specifically, managers must have the authority to acquire and coordinate resources, request and receive SME cooperation, and make appropriate, binding decisions which have an impact on the success of the project.

11. Project sponsors and stakeholders must be active participants, not passive customers. Most project sponsors and stakeholders rightfully demand the authority to approve project deliverables, either wholly or in part. Along with this authority comes the responsibility to be an active participant in the early stages of the project (helping to define deliverables), to complete reviews of interim deliverables in a timely fashion (keeping the project moving), and to help expedite the project manager’’s access to SMEs, members of the target audience, and essential documentation.

12. Projects typically must be sold, and resold. There are times when the project manager must function as salesperson to maintain the commitment of stakeholders and sponsors. With project plans in hand, project managers may need to periodically remind people about the business need that is being met and that their contributions are essential to help meet this need.

13. Project managers should acquire the best people they can and then do whatever it takes to keep the garbage out of their way. By acquiring the best people -- the most skilled, the most experienced, the best qualified -- the project manager can often compensate for too little time or money or other project constraints. Project managers should serve as an advocate for these valuable team members, helping to protect them from outside interruptions and helping them acquire the tools and working conditions necessary to apply their talents.

14. Top management must actively set priorities. In today’’s leaner, self-managing organizations, it is not uncommon for project team members to be expected to play active roles on many project teams at the same time. Ultimately, there comes a time when resources are stretched to their limits and there are simply too many projects to be completed successfully. In response, some organizations have established a Project Office comprised of top managers from all departments to act as a clearinghouse for projects and project requests. The Project Office reviews the organization’’s overall mission and strategies, establishes criteria for project selection and funding, monitors resource workloads, and determines which projects are of high enough priority to be approved. In this way top management provides the leadership necessary to prevent multi-project log jams.

項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理人必須要遵循的14個(gè)成功原則。

1、項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理必須關(guān)注項(xiàng)目成功的三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

簡單地說，一是準(zhǔn)時(shí)；二是預(yù)算控制在既定的范圍內(nèi)；三是質(zhì)量得到經(jīng)理和用戶們的贊許。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理必須保證項(xiàng)目小組的每一位成員都能對(duì)照上面三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來進(jìn)行工作。

2、任何事都應(yīng)當(dāng)先規(guī)劃再執(zhí)行

就項(xiàng)目管理而言，很多專家和實(shí)踐人員都同意這樣一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)：需要項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理投入的最重要的一件事就是規(guī)劃。只有詳細(xì)而系統(tǒng)的由項(xiàng)目小組成員參與的規(guī)劃才是項(xiàng)目成功的唯一基礎(chǔ)。當(dāng)現(xiàn)實(shí)的世界出現(xiàn)了一種不適于計(jì)劃生存的環(huán)境時(shí)，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)制定一個(gè)新的計(jì)劃來反映環(huán)境的變化。規(guī)劃、規(guī)劃、再規(guī)劃就是項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的一種生活方式。

3、項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理必須以自己的實(shí)際行動(dòng)向項(xiàng)目小組成員傳遞一種緊迫感

由于項(xiàng)目在時(shí)間、資源和經(jīng)費(fèi)上都是有限的，項(xiàng)目最終必須完成。但項(xiàng)目小組成員大多有自己的愛好，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)讓項(xiàng)目小組成員始終關(guān)注項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)和截止期限。例如，可以定期檢查，可以召開例會(huì)，可以制作一些提醒的標(biāo)志置于項(xiàng)目的場所。

4、成功的項(xiàng)目應(yīng)使用一種可以度量且被證實(shí)的項(xiàng)目生命周期

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)模型可以保證專業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)軌蛉谌腠?xiàng)目計(jì)劃。這類模型不僅可以保證質(zhì)量，還可以使重復(fù)勞動(dòng)降到最低程度。因此，當(dāng)遇到時(shí)間和預(yù)算壓力需要削減項(xiàng)目時(shí)，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)確定一種最佳的項(xiàng)目生命周期。

5、所有項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)和項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)必須生動(dòng)形象地得以交流和溝通

項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理和項(xiàng)目小組在項(xiàng)目開始時(shí)就應(yīng)當(dāng)形象化地描述項(xiàng)目的最終目標(biāo)，以確保與項(xiàng)目有關(guān)的每一個(gè)人都能記住。項(xiàng)目成本的各個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)都應(yīng)當(dāng)清楚、明確、毫不含糊，并確保每個(gè)人對(duì)此都達(dá)成了一致的意見。

6、采用漸進(jìn)的方式逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)

如果試圖同時(shí)完成所有的項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)，只會(huì)造成重復(fù)勞動(dòng)，既浪費(fèi)時(shí)間又浪費(fèi)錢。俗話說，一口吃不成個(gè)胖子。項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)只能一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地去實(shí)現(xiàn)，并且每實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)目標(biāo)就進(jìn)行一次評(píng)估，確保整個(gè)項(xiàng)目能得以控制。

7、項(xiàng)目應(yīng)得到明確的許可，并由投資方簽字實(shí)施

在實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)的過程中獲得明確的許可是非常重要的。應(yīng)將投資方的簽字批準(zhǔn)視為項(xiàng)目的一個(gè)出發(fā)點(diǎn)。道理很簡單：任何有權(quán)拒絕或有權(quán)修改項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)的人都應(yīng)當(dāng)在項(xiàng)目啟動(dòng)時(shí)審查和批準(zhǔn)這些項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)。

8、要想獲得項(xiàng)目成功必須對(duì)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)進(jìn)行透徹的分析

研究表明，如果按照眾所周知記錄在案的業(yè)務(wù)需求來設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)，則該項(xiàng)目多半會(huì)成功。所以，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)當(dāng)堅(jiān)持這樣一個(gè)原則，即在組織機(jī)構(gòu)啟動(dòng)項(xiàng)目之前，就應(yīng)當(dāng)為該項(xiàng)目在業(yè)務(wù)需求中找到充分的依據(jù)。

9. 項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理必須要爭取時(shí)間去把事情做好
在實(shí)際工作的過程中，我們總能聽到項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的抱怨：“我們總是看起來有足夠的時(shí)間去做完項(xiàng)目，不過我只是希望我們能夠首先把重要的事情先做好?！表?xiàng)目經(jīng)理必須要有足夠的時(shí)間在項(xiàng)目的初期首先把重要的事情做好，并且抓緊時(shí)間向贊助商和上層經(jīng)理證明花費(fèi)這些時(shí)間是為了在保證質(zhì)量的前提下按時(shí)交付項(xiàng)目。

10、項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)當(dāng)責(zé)權(quán)對(duì)等

項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)項(xiàng)目的結(jié)果負(fù)責(zé)，這一點(diǎn)并不過分。但與此相對(duì)應(yīng)，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理也應(yīng)被授予足夠的權(quán)利以承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任。在某些時(shí)候，權(quán)利顯得特別重要，如獲取或協(xié)調(diào)資源，要求得到有關(guān)的中小企業(yè)的配合，做相應(yīng)的對(duì)項(xiàng)目成功有價(jià)值的決策等等。

11、項(xiàng)目投資方和用戶應(yīng)當(dāng)主動(dòng)介入，不能被動(dòng)地坐享其成

多數(shù)項(xiàng)目投資方和用戶都能正確地要求和行使批準(zhǔn)（全部或部分）項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)的權(quán)力。但伴隨這個(gè)權(quán)力的是相應(yīng)的責(zé)任——主動(dòng)地介入項(xiàng)目的各個(gè)階段。例如，在項(xiàng)目早期要幫助確定項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)；在項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行中，要對(duì)完成的階段性目標(biāo)進(jìn)行評(píng)估，以確保項(xiàng)目能順利進(jìn)行。項(xiàng)目投資方應(yīng)幫助項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理去訪問有關(guān)的中小企業(yè)和目標(biāo)顧客的成員，并幫助項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理獲得必要的文件資料。

12、項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施應(yīng)當(dāng)采用市場運(yùn)作機(jī)制

在多數(shù)情況下，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)將自己看成是賣主，以督促自己完成投資方和用戶交付的任務(wù)。項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃一旦批準(zhǔn)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)當(dāng)定期提醒項(xiàng)目小組成員該項(xiàng)目必須滿足的業(yè)務(wù)需求是什么，以及該怎樣工作才能滿足這些業(yè)務(wù)需求。

13、項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)當(dāng)獲得項(xiàng)目小組成員的最佳人選

最佳人選是指受過相應(yīng)的技能培訓(xùn)，有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，素質(zhì)高。對(duì)于項(xiàng)目來說，獲得最佳人選往往能彌補(bǔ)時(shí)間、經(jīng)費(fèi)或其它方面的不足。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)當(dāng)為這些最佳的項(xiàng)目成員創(chuàng)造良好的工作環(huán)境，如幫助他們免受外部干擾，幫助他們獲得必要的工具和條件以發(fā)揮他們的才能。

14．上層管理人員必須積極的設(shè)置為項(xiàng)目設(shè)置優(yōu)先權(quán)

如今，在很多小型的精簡機(jī)構(gòu)里，做項(xiàng)目的組織成員經(jīng)常要面對(duì)幾個(gè)項(xiàng)目同時(shí)進(jìn)行的情況。 最后，往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目資源已經(jīng)達(dá)到了公司的極限然而還有很多項(xiàng)目有待成功完成的情形。為了解決這個(gè)問題，一些公司由各個(gè)部門的上層經(jīng)理，為所有的項(xiàng)目和項(xiàng)目內(nèi)的需求，組成建立了項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃辦公室，其實(shí)是擔(dān)當(dāng)起了一個(gè)票據(jù)交換所的角色。項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃辦公室將會(huì)分析組織所有的任務(wù)和策略，并制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為項(xiàng)目的選擇，資源控制，工作量和評(píng)定哪個(gè)項(xiàng)目應(yīng)當(dāng)擁有優(yōu)先執(zhí)行的權(quán)利。這種情況下，上層管理為防止項(xiàng)目的堵塞提供了必要的指導(dǎo)

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